Abcd Of Computer

Os Interview Questions

2010-09-17T20:54:00.001-07:00

What are the basic functions of an operating system? - Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various applications programs for various uses. Operating system acts as resource allocator and manager. Since there are many possibly conflicting requests for resources the operating system must decide which requests are allocated resources to operating the computer system efficiently and fairly. Also operating system is control program which controls the user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.
Why paging is used? - Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available.
While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette? diskcopy

What resources are used when a thread created? How do they differ from those when a process is created? - When a thread is created the threads does not require any new resources to execute the thread shares the resources like memory of the process to which they belong to. The benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to have several different threads of activity all within the same address space. Whereas if a new process creation is very heavyweight because it always requires new address space to be created and even if they share the memory then the inter process communication is expensive when compared to the communication between the threads.
What is virtual memory? - Virtual memory is hardware technique where the system appears to have more memory that it actually does. This is done by time-sharing, the physical memory and storage parts of the memory one disk when they are not actively being used.
What is Throughput, Turnaround time, waiting time and Response time? - Throughput Ã¢â‚¬â€œ number of processes that complete their execution per time unit. Turnaround time Ã¢â‚¬â€œ amount of time to execute a particular process. Waiting time Ã¢â‚¬â€œ amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue. Response time Ã¢â‚¬â€œ amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment).
What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur? - Waiting state
What is the important aspect of a real-time system or Mission Critical Systems? - A real time operating system has well defined fixed time constraints. Process must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. An example is the operating system for a flight control computer or an advanced jet airplane. Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time. Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM), Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose operating systems. Soft real-time: Limited utility in industrial control of robotics, Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system features.
What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems? - A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it. A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems kernel delays need to be bounded
What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing? Once it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem? - Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming. It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.
What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading? - Multi programming: Multiprogramming is the technique of running several programs at a time using timesharing. It allows a computer to do several things at the same time. Multiprogramming creates logical parallelism. The concept of multiprogramming is that the operating system keeps several jobs in memory simultaneously. The operating system selects a job from the job pool and starts executing a job, when that job needs to wait for any i/o operations the CPU is switched to another job. So the main idea here is that the CPU is never idle. Multi tasking: Multitasking is the logical extension of multiprogramming .The concept of multitasking is quite similar to multiprogramming but difference is that the switching between jobs occurs so frequently that the users can interact with each program while it is running. This concept is also known as time-sharing systems. A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of time-shared system. Multi threading: An application typically is implemented as a separate process with several threads of control. In some situations a single application may be required to perform several similar tasks for example a web server accepts client requests for web pages, images, sound, and so forth. A busy web server may have several of clients concurrently accessing it. If the web server ran as a traditional single-threaded process, it would be able to service only one client at a time. The amount of time that a client might have to wait for its request to be serviced could be enormous. So it is efficient to have one process that contains multiple threads to serve the same purpose. This approach would multithread the web-server process, the server would create a separate thread that would listen for client requests when a request was made rather than creating another process it would create another thread to service the request. To get the advantages like responsiveness, Resource sharing economy and utilization of multiprocessor architectures multithreading concept can be used.
What is hard disk and what is its purpose? - Hard disk is the secondary storage device, which holds the data in bulk, and it holds the data on the magnetic medium of the disk.Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, the magnetic medium can be easily erased and rewritten, and a typical desktop machine will have a hard disk with a capacity of between 10 and 40 gigabytes. Data is stored onto the disk in the form of files.
What is fragmentation? Different types of fragmentation? - Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request. External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic memory allocation algorithm allocates some memory and a small piece is left over that cannot be effectively used. If too much external fragmentation occurs, the amount of usable memory is drastically reduced. Total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous. Internal Fragmentation: Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being used
What is DRAM? In which form does it store data? - DRAM is not the best, but it’s cheap, does the job, and is available almost everywhere you look. DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a transistor. The capacitor tends to lose data unless it’s recharged every couple of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of DRAM compared to speedier RAM types.
What is Dispatcher? - Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: Switching context, Switching to user mode, Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program, dispatch latency Ã¢â‚¬â€œ time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running.
What is CPU Scheduler? - Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1.Switches from running to waiting state. 2.Switches from running to ready state. 3.Switches from waiting to ready. 4.Terminates. Scheduling under 1 and 4 is non-preemptive. All other scheduling is preemptive.
What is Context Switch? - Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work while switching. Its speed varies from machine to machine, depending on the memory speed, the number of registers which must be copied, the existed of special instructions(such as a single instruction to load or store all registers).
What is cache memory? - Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory.
What is a Safe State and what is its use in deadlock avoidance? - When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state. System is in safe state if there exists a safe sequence of all processes. Deadlock Avoidance: ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state.
What is a Real-Time System? - A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a certain time period. A real time operating system is an operating system that can run real time processes successfully

Advantages and Dis-advantages of Demand paging in operating system

2010-09-01T06:56:00.000-07:00

Advantage:

Demand paging, as opposed to loading all pages immediately:

    * Only loads pages that are demanded by the executing process.
    * As there is more space in main memory, more processes can be loaded reducing context switching time which utilizes large amounts of resources.
    * Less loading latency occurs at program startup, as less information is accessed from secondary storage and less information is brought into main memory.
    * Does not need extra hardware support than what paging needs, since protection fault can be used to get page fault.

Disadvantage:

    * Individual programs face extra latency when they access a page for the first time. So demand paging may have lower performance than anticipatory paging algorithms such as prepaging.
    * Programs running on low-cost, low-power embedded systems may not have a memory management unit that supports page replacement.
    * Memory management with page replacement algorithms becomes slightly more complex.
    * Possible security risks, including vulnerability to timing attacks

-source(Wikipedia)

what is demand paging in operating system?

2010-09-01T06:54:00.000-07:00

Virtual memory can be implemented by a technique called demanding paging. It is a technique in which a Page is brought into memory when it is actually needed.
A typical life cycle of a process is as follows:

1. When a process is initiated, the operating system must at least load one page in real memory. It is the page containing the execution part of the process.
2. Execution of the process commences and proceeds through subsequent instructions beyond the starting point.

3. This execution continues as long as memory references generated by this page are also within same page. The virtual address created may reference a page that is not in real memory. This is called a page fault. It generates an interrupt that asks for the referenced page to be loaded. This is called demanding page.

4. The operating system will try to load the referenced page into a free real memory frame. When this is achieved the execution can continue.
5. Finally when the process terminates, the operating system releases all the pages belonging to the process. The pages become available to other processes.
In general, the operating system
accommodates the new page by removing a currently loaded page that is not in use. This is called page replacement. It is important to remove a page that will not be accessed in a short time. It will reduce the number of page faults in the system.

-source(wikipedia)

demand paging definition

A kind of virtual memory where a page of memory will be paged in if an attempt is made to access it and it is not already present in main memory. This normally involves a memory management unit which looks up the virtual address in a page map to see if it is paged in. If it is not then the operating system will page it in, update the page map and restart the failed access. This implies that the processor must be able to recover from and restart a failed memory access or must be suspended while some other mechanism is used to perform the paging.
Paging in a page may first require some other page to be moved from main memory to disk ("paged out") to make room. If this page has not been modified since it was paged in, it can simply be reused without writing it back to disk. This is determined from the "modified" or "dirty" flag bit in the page map. A replacement algorithm or policy is used to select the page to be paged out, often this is the least recently used (LRU) algorithm. Prepaging is generally more efficient than demand paging
-source(Dictionary)

All things you Want to Know about SQL & Oracle

2010-01-19T05:20:00.000-08:00

What is SQL?

SQL stands for structured query language and it is the standard language for dealing withRelational databases. SQL was originally developed at IBM in early 1970s or a prototype called system R.It was initially spelt and pronounced as ‘SEQUEL’ but now is popularly called SQL only. It has an ANSI as well as ISO standard.

Which is the different version of SQL?

Sql got its first ANSI standard in 1986. After the next standardization was in 1989 and the one in 1992 became very popular. It was also called SQL2. The latest version is SQL3. Which is being implemented by oracle 8 onwards? It supports some object-oriented features.

Which is the different version of Sql?

SQL can be broadly classified as-

Data definition language (DDL)
Data manipulation Language (DML)
Data control language (DCL)
Transaction control
Data retrieval (queries)

Sometimes the DCL commands are also considered to be part of DDL commands

What do you understand by DDL?

The DDL commands stands for Data definition Language and it related to the structured of an object.
E.g.: Create, Alter, drop, rename, truncate

What do you understand by DML?

The DML commands are those related to the content of the table. They deal with insertion, updating and deletion of rows in a table.
E.g. insert, update, delete

What do you understand by DCL?

The DCL commands are required to give or take back access rights on object.
E.g. GRANT, REVOKE

What is transaction control?

These commands are used to handle the unit of work. A transaction executes either as a whole or none of its statements execute.

What is data retrieval?

The main purpose of data retrieval is to display data (raw, column) in the required format.It is mainly used for querying and reporting purpose.

What is the difference between char and varchar2?

The CHAR and VARCHAR2 both are used to store data.
The CHAR type is used to store fixed-length character data. The default and minimum size is 1 and the maximum size is 2000 characters.
The Char data types uses all the space assigned to it as per the size mentioned and hence has more storage efficiency because of which it processes data faster than VARCHAR2

.What is the concept of DUAL table?

DUAL is the work table of oracle, which has only one raw and column.
The column name is DUMMY with data type CHAR (1).
When you want to perform some temporary calculation using only literals (no variables) then this table is of great use. The actual dummy column is irrelevant.
You can do all your temporary work on this table.

What is the difference between the Where clause and the HAVING clause?

The where clause is used to restrict rows.
It checks for the condition for each and every row of the table. The having clause is used to restrict groups.
It is used immediately after GROUP BY clause and it checks for the conditions considering each group as a whole.
In syntax as well as during execution the WHERE clause is always evaluated before the HAVING clause.

2010-01-08T19:11:00.001-08:00

Need of computer network

· Resource sharing

· High reliability

· Saving money

· Scalability

Advantages of computer network

· Access to remote information

· Person-to-person communication

· Interactive entertainment

· Program and file sharing

· Network and resource sharing

· Database sharing

· Economical expansion

· Ability to use network software

· Creation of workgroup

· Centralized management

· Security

· Access to more than one operation system

· Manufacturing

new computer definations

2009-09-18T00:52:00.000-07:00

E-commerce hosting:E-commerce hosting is a business in which a company provides other companies whatever they need to sell their products and services on the World Wide Web.
EDFA: An erbium amplifier, also called optical amplifier or an erbium-doped fiber amplifier or simply EDFA, is an optical or IR repeater that amplifies a modulated laser beam directly, without opto-electronic and electro-optical conversion.
Ubuntu: Ubuntu is an open source Debian-based Linux distribution. Sponsored by Canonical Ltd, Ubuntu is considered a good distribution for beginners. The operating system was intended primarily for personal computers (PCs) but it can also be used on servers.
Ubiquitious computing: Ubiquitious computing is the trend towards increasingly ubiquitous, connected computing devices in the environment, a trend being brought about by a convergence of advanced electronic and particularly wireless technologies and the Internet.
Ultra HDTV: Ultra HDTV, also referred to as full-HDTV, true HDTV and 1080p, is a television display technology that surpasses the video quality and sharpness of the original high-definition television ( HDTV ) technology, providing an image resolution of 1920 by 1080 pixels.
XDMA: XDMA (Xing Distributed Media Architecture) is a network architecture for multicast streaming media transmissions. Streaming media enables live viewing of a transmission as compared to processes that require that files be completely transferred to the user's computer before their data can be viewed.
Typo squatting: Typo squatting, also called URL hijacking, is a form of cyber squatting based on the probability that a certain number of Internet users will mistype the name of a Web site (or actually its URL) when surfing the Web.
Cyber squatting: The practice of purchasing a domain name that contains a well-known trademark or commercial name. The cyber squatter then offers to sell the domain to the person or company who owns a trademark contained within the name at an inflated price.
Aircard: Aircard is a device that plugs into a laptop computer, typically through a USB connection or PC Card slot that uses a cell phone signal to provide high-speed Internet access.
Google Dance: Google dance refers to the Google search engine and their process of re-arranging the rankings of Web sites, and how they are placed in the serps. This happens every 6 - 10 weeks, when Google re-indexes their databases of web-sites.
Cyberagents: Cyberagents refers to the growing trend of shifting many jobs so that the employee works out of his or her home instead of the office.
Social bookmarking: Social bookmarking allows consumers to share their favorite bookmarks, Web sites, or content with others by submitting links to a public or semi-public forum.
Digital footprint: Digital footprint specifically describes the trail which a person leaves behind in cyberspace or on any form of digital communication.
Hacktivism: A hacktivist is one who combines hacking skills with activism in order to attack (shut down or deface) certain Web sites as a form of political protest.
CDMA One: CDMA One, also written cdmaOne, refers to the original ITU IS-95 (CDMA) wireless interface protocol that was first standardized in 1993. It is considered a second-generation (2G) mobile wireless technology.
WCDMA: W-CDMA is a third-generation (3G) mobile wireless technology that promises much higher data speeds to mobile and portable wireless devices than commonly offered in today's market.
CDMA2000: CDMA2000, also known as IMT-CDMA Multi-Carrier or 1xRTT, is a CDMA version of the IMT-2000 standard developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
B GAN: BGAN (Broadband Global Area Network) is a mobile communications system created to transmit broadband wireless voice and data communications almost anywhere on the earth's surface except the regions immediately surrounding the north and south geographic poles.
DVB-H: Digital Video Broadcast - Handheld (DVB-H) is the technology driving mobile TV. A combination of conventional digital video and IP, DVB-H scales for smaller devices a technology that's already in place in millions of TV sets worldwide.
BREW :BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless) is Qualcomm's open source application development platform for wireless devices equipped for code division multiple access (CDMA) technology.
Cellular Telephone: A Wi-Fi cell phone is a cellular telephone that can automatically switch between conventional cellular and Wi-Fi VoIP modes, even during the course of a conversation. A Wi-Fi LAN acts, in effect, as a cellular repeater for such a phone.
4G: 4G is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supersede the third generation (3G). End-to-end IP and high-quality streaming video will be among 4G's distinguishing features.
UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service(UMTS) is a third-generation (3G) broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 megabits per second (Mbps).
HSPDA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a new protocol for mobile telephone data transmission. It is known as a 3.5G (G stands for generation) technology.
Optical Character Recognition: OCR, optical character recognition refers to the branch of computer science that involves reading text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate. All OCR systems include an optical scanner for reading text and sophisticated software for analyzing images.
Multi-Function Devices: Devices that combine the functionality of a printer and scanner are called Multi-Function devices. Some multifunction devices can also add additional facilities like that of a dial up modem that can used to fax images scanned with scanner
Resolution: In computers, resolution is the number of pixels (individual points of color) contained on a display monitor, expressed in terms of the number of pixels on the horizontal axis and the number on the vertical axis.
Compression: Compression is the reduction in size of data in order to save space or transmission time. For data transmission, compression can be performed on just the data content or on the entire transmission unit (including header data) depending on a number of factors.
Optical Devices: An optical mouse is an advanced computer pointing device that uses a light-emitting diode (LED), an optical sensor, and digital signal processing (DSP) in place of the traditional mouse ball and electromechanical transducer.
Flatbed Scanner: A flatbed scanner is usually composed of a glass pane (or platen), under which there is a bright light (often xenon or cold cathode fluorescent) which illuminates the pane, and a moving optical array, whether CCD or CIS.
ATA / IDE: ATA is a standard interface for connecting storage devices such as hard disks, solid state disks and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers.Many synonyms for ATA exist, including abbreviations such as IDE and ATAPI.
Mega Pixel:A megapixel refers to one million pixels and is commonly used in reference to digital cameras as an indication of resolution capability. Greater numbers of dots or pixels allow for more refinement of the image, which results in higher, truer image replication.
Buffer: A Buffer is a temporary storage area, usually in RAM. The key purpose of most buffers is to act as a holding area, so that the CPU can manipulate data before transferring it to a device.
SATA:Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer and mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives.SATA is based on serial signaling technology, unlike current IDE hard drives that use parallel signaling.
Buffer Underrun Protection: Buffer Underrun Protection is a common problem that occurs when burning data into a CD. It happens when the computer is not supplying data quickly enough to the CD writer for it to record the data properly.
NAND / NOR FLASH:Flash Memory products are based on two technologies namely NAND and NOR Flash. NAND is used in memory cards such as the Compact Flash cards.NOR is found in lower end set-top boxes, mobile handsets, and BIOS chips.
Page per Minute (PPM):PPM or Page per Minute is a common method of measuring the output of a printer, as it determines the speed a printer is capable of printing. PPM between different printers cannot be compared on a one-to-one ratio, as you can expect a different PPM number between different types of printers
Switched-mode power supply(SMPS): A switched-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. This rapidly switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off).
PictBridge: PictBridge is a standardized technology that allows printing images from a memory card in a digital camera directly to a printer, regardless of brand.The technology completely bypasses the need for a computer.
Analog-to-digital converter(ADC): An analog-to-digital converter is an electronic integrated circuit, which converts continuous analogue signals to discrete digital numbers or form.The digital output may be using different coding schemes, such as binary, Gray code or two's complement binary.
Charge-coupled device (CCD):CCD is a light-sensitive integrated circuit that stores and displays the data for an image in such a way that each pixel in the image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of which is related to a color in the color spectrum.
Photo Printers: A photo printer is usually an inkjet printer that is specifically designed to print high quality digital photos on photo paper. These printers usually have a very high number of nozzles and are capable of printing droplets as small as 1 picoliter.
HD-DVD / AOD: High-Definition DVD is a new format of optical storage that primarily intended to store High Definition video data. It was also referred to as Advanced Optical Disk.
Memory Stick: A Memory Stick is an IC (Integrated Circuit) which is stored in a compact and rugged plastic enclosure. Memory Sticks are designed to store data and to enable the transfer of data between devices equipped with Memory Stick slots
Bad Sector: Hard drives contain millions of sectors. It is very normal for some of these sectors to be bad sectors, even when the drive is first manufactured. In addition, a small number of sectors will normally go bad during the lifespan of a drive
BIOS/CMOS: BIOS(Basic Input Output System) refers to asset of instructions that are critical for the functioning of the system.CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) refers to the chip on which the BIOS instructions are stored.
Composite Video: Composite video is the most common type of video interface for sending or receiving an analog video signal to or from a television set. In a layman’s language, a type of video signal in which all information—the red, blue, and green signals (and sometimes audio signals as well)—are mixed together.
Response time: In LCD’s, since the source of light is always on, the concept of refreshing is not applicable. Response time refers to the time it takes the liquid crystal to change shape. Since changing that shape also changes the light passing to the screen, response time is defined in two alternative ways. Black-to-black response time and Grey-to-grey response time
Ghosting: This phenomenon is seen in LCD’s with a low response time. When dealing with any scene that involves fast motion, pixels that are not quickly updated retains their previous state for a brief moment even as the adjoining pixels have been updated, causing the eye to detect a double image, or “ghost”.
Hybrid Drives: These are hard drives that include both rotating disks as well as Flash memory based storage. This is an attempt to combine the benefits of the two types of storage media: the inexpensiveness of rotating platters and the non-volatility of Flash memory. The data in a Hybrid Drive is finally written onto the disk as the Flash memory component is a temporary storage area.
Charge-coupled device (CCD) :CCD is a light-sensitive integrated circuit that stores and displays the data for an image in such a way that each pixel in the image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of which is related to a color in the color spectrum.
Photo Printers: A photo printer is usually an inkjet printer that is specifically designed to print high quality digital photos on photo paper. These printers usually have a very high number of nozzles and are capable of printing droplets as small as 1 picoliter.
HD-DVD / AOD: High-Definition DVD is a new format of optical storage that primarily intended to store High Definition video data. It was also referred to as Advanced Optical Disk.
Memory Stick: A Memory Stick is an IC (Integrated Circuit) which is stored in a compact and rugged plastic enclosure. Memory Sticks are designed to store data and to enable the transfer of data between devices equipped with Memory Stick slots
Bad Sector: Hard drives contain millions of sectors. It is very normal for some of these sectors to be bad sectors, even when the drive is first manufactured. In addition, a small number of sectors will normally go bad during the lifespan of a drive
BIOS/CMOS: BIOS(Basic Input Output System) refers to asset of instructions that are critical for the functioning of the system.CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) refers to the chip on which the BIOS instructions are stored.
Composite Video: Composite video is the most common type of video interface for sending or receiving an analog video signal to or from a television set. In a layman’s language, a type of video signal in which all information—the red, blue, and green signals (and sometimes audio signals as well)—are mixed together.
Response time: In LCD’s, since the source of light is always on, the concept of refreshing is not applicable. Response time refers to the time it takes the liquid crystal to change shape. Since changing that shape also changes the light passing to the screen, response time is defined in two alternative ways. Black-to-black response time and Grey-to-grey response time
Ghosting: This phenomenon is seen in LCD’s with a low response time. When dealing with any scene that involves fast motion, pixels that are not quickly updated retains their previous state for a brief moment even as the adjoining pixels have been updated, causing the eye to detect a double image, or “ghost”.
Hybrid Drives: These are hard drives that include both rotating disks as well as Flash memory based storage. This is an attempt to combine the benefits of the two types of storage media: the inexpensiveness of rotating platters and the non-volatility of Flash memory. The data in a Hybrid Drive is finally written onto the disk as the Flash memory component is a temporary storage area.
GoogleWhack: The goal of a GoogleWhack is to perform search queries that will produce only one single search result in the Google search engine.
Solid State drive: A solid state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid state memory to store persistent data. With no moving parts, a solid state drive is usually more robust, effectively eliminating the risk of mechanical failure, usually silent, and usually enjoys reduced seek time and latency by removing mechanical delays associated with hard disk drives.
Blu-ray Disc: Blu-ray Disc is a next generation optical disc storage media format developed by Sony and others.
Spoofing: In the IT world, spoofing refers tricking or deceiving computer systems or other computer users.
Microsoft Surface: Microsoft Surface is a forthcoming multi-touch product from Microsoft which is developed as software and hardware combination technology
MobileTV?: Mobile TV means bringing the content that is available on TV to mobile phones via mobile telecommunications networks.

diffrance between lan and wan

2009-09-18T00:51:00.001-07:00

LAN	WAN
LAN stands for local area network.	WAN stands for wide area network.
LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings	WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries
EX: Network in an organization can be a LAN	Internet is the best example of a WAN
Typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or an organization	WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management
LANs have a high data transfer rate	WANs have a lower data transfer rate as compared to LANs
A LAN is cheaper than WAN.	WAN is more expensive than LAN.
LAN is note connection oriented.	WAN is connection oriented.
LAN uses the Ethernet standard.	WAN uses the T1 standard.

Internet amazing Facts

2009-08-30T06:11:00.001-07:00

Google got its name from the mathematical figure googol, which denotes the number 'one followed by a hundred zeros'.
Yahoo! derived its name from the word Yahoo coined by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels. A Yahoo is a person who is repulsive in appearance and action and is barely human!
Researchers consider that the first search engine was Archie, created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a student at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
Marc Andreessen founded Netscape. In 1993, he had already developed Mosaic, the first Web browser with a GUI.
It was once considered a letter in the English language. The Chinese call it a little mouse, Danes and Swedes call it 'elephant's trunk', Germans a spider monkey, and Italians a snail. Israelis pronounce it 'strudels' and the Czechs say 'rollmops's...What is it? The @ sign.
In the Deep Web, the part of the Web not currently catalogued by search engines, public information said to be 500 times larger than on the WWW.
The first search engine for Gopher files was called Veronica, created by the University of Nevada System Computing Services group
Tim Berners-Lee predicted in 2002 that the Semantic Web would "foster global collaborations among people with diverse cultural perspectives", but the project never seems to have really taken off.
In February 2004, Sweden led the world in Internet penetration, with 76.9 percent of people connected to the Internet. The world average is 11.1 per cent.
The top visited websites in February2004, including affiliated sites, were Yahoo!, MSN, the Warner Network, EBay, Google, Lycos and About.com.
The search engine "Lycos" is named for Lycosidae, the Latin name for the wolf spider family.
The US International Broadcasting Bureau created a proxy service to allow Chinese, Iraians and other 'oppressed' people to circumvent their national firewalls, relaying forbidden pages behind silicon curtains.
Lurking is to read through mailing lists or news groups and get a feel of the topic before posting one's own messages.
SRS stands for Shared Registry Server. The central system for all accredited registrars to access, register and control domain names.
WAIS stands for 'Wide Area Information Servers' - a commercial software package that allow the indexing of huge quantities of information, the makes those indices searchable across the Internet.
An anonymiser is a privacy service that allows a user to visit Web sites without allowing anyone to gather information about which sites they visit.
Archie is an information system offering an electronic directory service for locating information residing on anonymous FTP sites.
On the Internet, a 'bastion host' is the only host computer that a company allows to be addressed directly from the public network.
'Carnivore' is the Internet surveillance system developed by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), who developed it to monitor the electronic transmissions of criminal suspects.
Did you know that the original URL of Yahoo! was http://akebono.stanford.edu/ ?
Developed at the University of Nevada, Veronica is a constantly updated database of teh names of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers.
The Electrohippies Collective is an international group of 'hacktivists' based in Oxfordshire, England.
UIML (User Interface Markup Language) is a descriptive language that lets you create a Web page that can be sent to any kind of interface device.
In Internet terminology, a demo is a non-interactive multimedia presentation, the computer world's equivalent of a music video.
Did you know that the name of the famous search engine AltaVista came into existence when someone accidentally read and suggested the word 'Vista' on an unclean whiteboard as 'Alta Vista'?
Boeing was the first airline to discover the Y2K problem, way back in 1993.
Did you know that Domain registration was free until an announcement by the NAtional Science Foundation on 14th September, 1995, changed it?
The Internet was initially called the 'Galactic network' in memos written by MIT's J C R Licklider in 1962.
Shokyu Ishiko, a doctorate in agriculture and chief priest of Daioh Temple in Kyoto has created an online virtual temple which will perform memorial services for lost information.
A 55 kg laddu was made for Lord Venkateswara at Trumala as a Y2K prayer offering.
The morning after Internet Explorer 4 was released, certain mischievous Microsoft workers left a 10 by 12 foot letter 'e' and a balloon with the message, "We love you", on Netscape front lawn.
If you were a resident of Tongo, a monarchy in the southwest Pacific, you could own domains as cool as 'mail.to' and 'head.to'.
The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) began the administration of Internet IP address in North and South America in MArch 1998.
The testbed for the Internet's new addressing system, IPv6, is called the 6bone.
The first Internet worm was created by Robert T.Morris, Jr, and attacked more than 6000 Internet hosts.
According to The Economist magazine, the first truly electronic bank on the Internet, called First Virtual Holdings, was opened by Lee Stein in 1994.
The French Culture Ministry has banned the word 'e-mail' in all government ministries, documents, publications and Web sites, because 'e-mail' is an English word. They prefer to use the term 'courriel'.
The German police sell used patrol cars over the Internet, because earlier auctions fetched low prices and only a few people ever showed up.
Rob Glasser's company, Progressive Networks, launched the RealAudio system on April 10, 1995.
'Broswer safe colours' refer to the 216 colours that are rendered the same way in both the PC and Mac operating systems.
Though the world Wide Web was born in 1989 at CERN in Switzerland, CERN is mainly involved in research for particle physics.
The first computer company to register for a domain name was Digital Equipment Corporation.
The 'Dilbert Zone' Web site was the first syndicated comic strip site available on the Internet.
Butler Jeeves of the Internet site AskJeeves.com made its debut as a large helium balloon in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade in 2000.
Sun Microsystems sponsors NetDay, an effort to wire American public schools to the Internet, with help from the US government.
In Beijing, the Internet community has coined the word 'Chortal' as a shortened version of 'Chinese portal'.
Telnet is one of the oldest forms of Internet connections. Today, it is used primarily to access online databases.
Domain names can be really sell at high prices! The most expensive domain name was 'business.com', which was bought by eCompanies for $7.5 million in 1999.
The first ever ISP was CompuServe. It still exists, under AOL Time Warner.
On an average, each person receives 26.4 e-mails a day.
Ray Tomlinson, a scientist from Cambrige, introduced electronic mail in 1972. He used the @ to distinguish between the sender's name and network name in the e-mail address.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was designed in 1973.
The Apple iTunes music store was introduced in the spring of 2003. It allows people to download songs for an affordable 99 cents each.
Satyam Online become the first private ISP in December 1998 to offer Internet connections in India.
The number of UK Internet users increase by an estimated 75 percent each yearThe Internet is the third-most used advertising medium in the world, closely catching up with traditional local newspapers and Yellow Pages.
It took 13 years for television to reach 50 million users- it took the Internet less than 4 years.
As of now, there are over 260 million people with Internet access worldwide.
1 out of 6 people used the Internet in North America and Europe, as per a 1999 survey.
The average computer user blinks 7 times a minute.
In 1946, the Merriam Webster Dictionary defined computer as 'a person who tabulates numbers; accountant; actuary; bookkeeper.'
An estimated 2.5 billion hours were wasted online last year as people waited for pages to download, according to a study sponsored by Nortel Networks.
AOL says spam is the number one complaint of its customers, and that it has to block over one billion unsolicited e-mails every day.
In 2002, the average Internet user received 3.7 spam messages per day. The total rose to 6.2 spam messages per day in 2002. By 2007, it is expected to reach 830 messages per day.
A terminology industry research firm called Basex says that unsolicited e-mail cost $ 20 billion in lost time and expenses worldwide in 2000.
In 2003 an Atlanta- base ISP called Earthlink won a lawsuit worth $16.4 million (US) against a spammer in Buffalo NY, and a $25 million (US) lawsuit against a spammer in Tennessee.

ECMA International

2009-07-30T04:30:00.000-07:00

ECMA International was founded in 1961.
The ECMA organization is dedicated to the standardization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Consumer Electronics(CE).
ECMA has developed standards for

JavaScript
C# Language
International Character Sets
Optical Disks
Magnetic Tapes
Data Compression
Data Communication
and much more

Web Services take Web-applications to the Next Level

2009-07-27T08:11:00.002-07:00

By using Web services, your application can publish its function or message to the rest of the world.
Web services use XML to code and to decode data, and SOAP to transport it

(using open protocols).

With Web services, your accounting department's Win 2k server's billing system can connect with your IT supplier's UNIX server.

Web Services have Two Types of Uses

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Reusable application-components.

There are things applications need very often.So why make these over and over again?
Web services can offer application-components like: currency conversion,weather reports, or even language translation as services.

Connect existing software.

Web services can help to solve the interoperability problem by giving different applications a way to link their data.
With Web services you can exchange data between different applications and different platforms.

What is RSS?

2009-07-27T08:11:00.000-07:00

RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication
RSS allows you to syndicate your site content
RSS defines an easy way to share and view headlines and content
RSS files can be automatically updated
RSS allows personalized views for different sites
RSS is written in XML

Interoperability has Highest Priority

2009-07-27T08:10:00.000-07:00

When all major platforms could access the Web using Web browsers, different platforms could interact. For these platforms to work together, Web-applications were developed.
Web-applications are simple applications that run on the web. These are built around the Web browser standards and can be used by any browser on any platform.

What IS CSS? What is HTML 4?

2009-07-27T08:05:00.000-07:00

What IS CSS?

CSS is the W3C standard style and layout model for HTML.
CSS allows web developers to control the style and layout of web pages.
HTML 4 allows dynamic changes to CSS.
DHTML is about using JavaScript and DOM to change the style and positioning of HTML elements.

What is HTML 4?

The W3C HTML 4 standard has rich support for dynamic content: HTML supports JavaScript
HTML supports the Document Object Model (DOM)
HTML supports HTML EventsHTML supports Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)DHTML is about using these features to create dynamic and interactive web pages.

2009-07-27T08:04:00.000-07:00

What is SOAP?

* SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol
* SOAP is a communication protocol
* SOAP is for communication between applications
* SOAP is a format for sending messages
* SOAP communicates via Internet
* SOAP is platform independent
* SOAP is language independent
* SOAP is based on XML
* SOAP is simple and extensible
* SOAP allows you to get around firewalls
* SOAP is a W3C recommendation

Why SOAP?

It is important for application development to allow Internet communication between programs.

Today's applications communicate using Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) between objects like DCOM and CORBA, but HTTP was not designed for this. RPC represents a compatibility and security problem; firewalls and proxy servers will normally block this kind of traffic.

A better way to communicate between applications is over HTTP, because HTTP is supported by all Internet browsers and servers. SOAP was created to accomplish this.

SOAP provides a way to communicate between applications running on different operating systems, with different technologies and programming languages.

2009-07-27T08:03:00.000-07:00

What is HTML?

HTML is a language for describing web pages.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags

HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like
HTML tags normally come in pairs like and
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags.

HTML Documents = Web Pages

HTML documents describe web pages
HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:

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What is WML?

WML stands for Wireless Markup Language. It is a mark-up language inherited from HTML, but WML is based on XML, so it is much stricter than HTML.

WML is used to create pages that can be displayed in a WAP browser. Pages in WML are called DECKS. Decks are constructed as a set of CARDS.

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Examples of WAP use

Checking train table information
Ticket purchase
Flight check in
Viewing traffic information
Checking weather conditions
Looking up stock values
Looking up phone numbers
Looking up addresses
Looking up sport results

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WAP Micro Browsers

To fit into a small wireless terminal, WAP uses a Micro Browser.

A Micro Browser is a small piece of software that makes minimal demands on hardware, memory and CPU. It can display information written in a restricted mark-up language called WML.

The Micro Browser can also interpret a reduced version of JavaScript called WMLScript.

WAP

2009-07-27T08:01:00.001-07:00

What is WAP?

The wireless industry came up with the idea of WAP. The point of this
standard was to show internet contents on wireless clients, like mobile phones.

WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol

WAP is an application communication protocol

WAP is used to access services and information

WAP is inherited from Internet standards

WAP is for handheld devices such as mobile phones

WAP is a protocol designed for micro browsers

WAP enables the creating of web applications for mobile devices.

WAP uses the mark-up language WML (not HTML)

WML is defined as an XML 1.0 application

2009-07-27T08:01:00.000-07:00

The Wireless Application Protocol

The WAP protocol is the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones.

The WAP standard is based on Internet standards (HTML, XML and TCP/IP). It consists of a WML language specification, a WMLScript specification, and a Wireless Telephony Application Interface (WTAI) specification.

WAP is published by the WAP Forum, founded in 1997 by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet. Forum members now represent over 90% of the global handset market, as well as leading infrastructure providers, software developers and other organizations.

what is BIOS?

2009-06-27T09:21:00.000-07:00

The Basic Input Output System or as it is commonly referred to as
“BIOS” is considered to be a major command set which is mandatory for
any computer in order to function properly. It rests second in the line
of authority with the computer operating system itself being in first
place. The BIOS is a firmware installation which consists of a
customized standard designed to define a specific programmed interface.
Actually, it is basically a booted firmware which is intended to be the
initial code necessary to run a computer upon activation and initial
turn on.

Basically, the BIOS’s primary functions are designed to
test, initialized and identify the various system devices that reside
inside the computer. These devices can range from the hard drives, the
floppy drives, the video card and any other installed hardware that
could be found inside your machine. These tasks are absolutely
necessary in order to prepare your computer for your intended purpose.
The BIOS sets your machine to a stable state where the installed
software can effectively be loaded, properly controlled and executed in
its intended purpose. The initial running and operation of the BIOS
with your computer is officially termed bootstrapping but for
simplicity is has been referred often to merely booting or booting up
the operating system.

The needed commands and programs found
in the computer’s BIOS system are safely stored in a small microchip on
the mother board. These programs are designed by the manufacturer to
work effectively with many of the devices which are found on the modern
machines. You may find several complimentary chipset within your
computer system. In short, these BIOS programs are similar to
mini-libraries composed of fundamental input and output functions which
the operating system can instantly invoke anytime the need arises for a
particular hardware capability. As an example, suppose you have a need
to control the computer keyboard, the hard drives and any other device
in the machine then the BIOS would send the necessary signals and
commands to the microprocessor and active the hardware. In some types
of PC’s such as the IBM or the older AT versions a few of the devices
such as the hard drives and some video adapters could perhaps have
their own BIOS.

In our modern day computer
systems most BIOS have the capability to be upgraded which is a very
vital aspect of computer design. You can readily appreciate this idea
when you consider all the updated hardware that arrives at the market
place daily. Your computer would need to have some immediate way of
knowing the critical details concerning this new equipment. This
process is known as flashing the BIOS. It is a procedure that must be
accomplished carefully and it is vital that you understand exactly what
you are doing.

What is a Gigahertz?

2009-06-27T09:19:00.000-07:00

How often have you watched a TV commercial advancing the benefits of
their computer in terms of the word Gigahertz and not fully understood
the meaning of it? In this brief article we will attempt to provide you
with a short introduction to that word.

As a shopper who may
be on the look out for a new and more advanced personal computer, you
should be aware of the term gigahertz as it applies to your potential
machine. While reviewing the specification listings relating to your
possible new computer you will soon notice that the word Gigahertz
appears prominently on the spec sheet. This is a very important aspect
relating to any computer.

Let’s first determine what a
gigahertz actually is before we venture into its meaning with personal
computers. Technically, one gigahertz is the equivalent of 1,000
megahertz or MHz. Going even lower on the measurement chart we could
say that it is equal to 1,000,000,000 Hz. In either case the higher the
rated number of gigahertz that is specified for your potential computer
the better the machine will perform in terms of computing speed. This
higher figure refers to the processing speed that is associated with
the computer – the higher the gigahertz the faster the machine and the
faster the machine the better its performance will be.

There
was a period of time in the past when gigahertz was not used as the
measurement associated with personal computer speeds. At that time the
speed of the PC’s were measured in terms of megahertz which is really
very slow by today’s standards. During the late 1990’s the speeds of
the microprocessors were drastically improved moving way past the 1,000
MHz level. Since it was necessary to establish a higher level for the
speed measurement the gigahertz was selected for this task. Today this
is the standard by which all computer processing speeds are calculated.

The
choice of selecting the GHz was also for convenience purposes as well.
It is much simpler and easier to merely state that a machine has a 3.0
gigahertz speed as opposed to saying the speed was 3,000 megahertz.Although
most people may perhaps believe that the term gigahertz is merely used
as a means of measuring the processor speed of personal computers it is
in reality used as a form of measurement concerning speeds relating to
other parts of the computer as well. As an example, this particular
measurement can readily be used to relate the performance of the
systems RAM and also for the backside cache. Just keep in mind that
the higher the gigahertz of these various components is then the better
performance that your computer will have. This boils down to the bottom
line of better productivity for the end users

What is Bluetooth?

2009-06-27T09:17:00.000-07:00

If you were to perform a quick check upon many of the online market places
which deal with electronic-communications equipment and gadgets you
would readily notice a common form of technology. The technology of
which I am referring to is universally known as Bluetooth. This
technology is simply a certain specification that must be incorporated
within the devices to enable that device to function and communicate
over very short distances. As an example you may have two specific
gadgets like a computer and a wireless telephone. These devices can
work effectively together and even swap files with the use of a low
power communications system assuming that both of these units
incorporate and are equipped with the Bluetooth technology.

Initially
when this technology was first introduced to the industry and placed on
the marketplace it was first viewed as a viable alternative to the once
popular RS232 data transfer system. Unfortunately, the Bluetooth
technology was unable to upset the current trend for RS232 and failed
to replace the system. This failure was principally because the
technology of the RS232 can effectively connect a vast number of
different devices together without having to deal with the common
issues of synchronization. Bluetooth technology did however open its
own avenues of importance and developed its own uses. It became
especially known for its low power consumption within a short range.
Two or more devices equipped with this Bluetooth technology can work
with each other from at least one meter to as much as 100 meters
without the lose of the signal and perform these tasks wirelessly. It
is the Bluetooth’s ability to function in a short, limited distance and
its wireless capability that provides it with its greatest asset. Keep
in mind however that the moment one of the gadgets are no longer in the
immediate range of each other then the equipment can no longer
communicate with each other even if both of them are equipped with the
Bluetooth technology.

Since the Bluetooth uses the radio
broadcast communications systems for its ability to function then all
the equipment that is required to work together need not line up merely
to facilitate its individual file sharing session. Multiple tasks can
easily be accomplished according to the capabilities of the equipment
itself.

bluetooth has progressed to the
status of a common everyday technology which is now popularly used on
the majority of mobile cell phones and those which provide for hands
free operation in particular. This technology is also a growing feature
that is found more or less on many pieces of equipment that is being
developed for the personal computers, communications devices as well as
for the gaming consoles and entertainment devices popular with young
people today. Bluetooth is definitely here to stay.

What is dual core?

2009-06-27T09:15:00.000-07:00

Dual
core or the term dual core processor actual implies the same thing. The
concept revolves around the idea of a multi-processor system which
means that your computer has two microprocessors in one package or in a
single chip. These dual processors work in tandem together to improve
the responsiveness of your machine or as more simply put to better the
speed of your computer. This is the primary reason for its current
popularity and why most of the people today prefer this type of
processor system. To most of the current users it is perceived to
increase the total performance of their individual machines.

To
illustrate this point a bit more lets review the following bits of
information. When you are using your computer there are several types
of programs actively running within it. These are implicit and
explicitly working programs that function on a more or less continuous
basis inside of the processor. You can easily confirm this fact by
merely invoking the task manager menu and you will really see the long
list of these processes which are currently running. The more the
processes that you see running, the harder your processor is actually
working. If you merely had a normal type of processor it is highly
likely that you would experience a drastic slow down of your computer
operations. Without the dual core technology you may actually have a
considerable amount of “lag” in your program operations. This would
certainly be noticeable on many of the current high memory eaters on
the market today. Let’s face facts – You can not have all these
fabulous features in a program without the high memory consumption.

It
is widely accepted today that the dual core processor has become the
new desktop computer standard by which all processors are being
compared to. More and more companies are switching to this technology
since it is more effective and allows better performance then a single
processor. This switch is quite likely possibly because of the many
obvious benefits that this dual processor seems to provide to the end
user as well as to the machine itself. A typical example would be with
the dual core you can save energy while still delivering increased
overall performance. Space within the computer board itself is yet
another valuable advantage since you would only be required to house
only a single chip instead of two. The most beneficial of these
advantage points that should be considered is the dual core technology
has proven beyond doubt to be very effective and reliable. This stable
design alone has been instrumental in effectively promoting the units.
It may perhaps take a long time before a more dependable processor
design can replace the dual core units since the technology is so much
more advanced and reliable.

new latest computer definations part 1

2009-06-27T08:46:00.000-07:00

Burning:Slang term meaning to write data to a CD-ROM. A CD burner is another name for a CD-R drive.

LCD:LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it.

Laser Printer:A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a non-impact (keys don't strike the paper), photocopier technology. When a document is sent to the printer, a laser beam "draws" the document on a selenium-coated drum using electrical charges.

LAN party:It is a gathering in which gamers (devotees of computer games) gather to share a local area network (LAN) and participate in extended gaming sessions of popular games such as Quake, Doom or Wolfenstein.

LAN:A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link. Typically, connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building).

TCP/IP:TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.

K Desktop Environment:It is an open source graphical desktop environment for Unix workstations.

xD-card:An abbreviation for xD (Extreme Digital), the xD-Picture Card is a type of removable flash memory designed for use in digital cameras.

Track Ball:A trackball is a computer cursor control device used in many notebook and laptop computers. The trackball is usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user. Essentially, the trackball is an upside-down mouse that rotates in place within a socket.

Zombie: A zombie (also known as a bot) is a computer that a remote attacker has accessed and set up to forward transmissions (including spam and viruses) to other computers on the Internet.

Zigbee:ZigBee is a specification for wireless personal area networks (WPANs) operating at 868 MHz, 902-928 MHz and 2.4 GHz. A WPAN is a personal area network (a network for interconnecting an individual's devices) in which the device connections are wireless.

QWERTY keyboard:This term is used to describe a standard (Latin alphabet-based) keyboard. It has been named so because the first six keys in the upper-left part of the keyboard spell out Q-W-E-R-T-Y.

Nanofactory:A machine that can make a product atom by atom that basically undertakes the process of molecular nanotechnology.

Virus:Software used to infect a computer. After the virus code is written, it is buried within an existing program. Once that program is executed, the virus code is activated and attaches copies of itself to other programs in the system. Infected programs copy the virus to other programs.

Virus Hoaxes:Considering the speed with which messages can be copied and sent via e-mail on the Internet, pranksters love to spread phony warnings just to upset as many people as they can.

IMAP:IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a standard protocol for accessing e-mail from your local server. IMAP (the latest version is IMAP Version 4) is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server.

ILOVEYOU virus:The ILOVEYOU virus comes in an e-mail note with "I LOVE YOU" in the subject line and contains an attachment that, when opened, results in the message being re-sent to everyone in the recipient's Microsoft Outlook address book and perhaps more seriously, the loss of every JPEG, MP3 and certain other files on the recipient's hard disk.

Identity theft:Identity theft is a crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of personal information, such as Social Security or driver's license numbers, in order to impersonate someone else.

iDEN:iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) is a wireless technology from Motorola combining the capabilities of a digital cellular telephone, two-way radio, alphanumeric pager and data/fax modem in a single network.

Image Spam:Image spam is junk email that replaces text with images as a means of fooling spam filters. Image delivery works by embedding code in an HTML message that links to an image file on the Web.

iButton:An iButton is a microchip similar to those used in a smart card but housed in a round stainless steel button of 17.35mm x 3.1mm - 5.89mm in size (depending on the function).

Y2K:Y2K is an abbreviation for "year 2000." As that year approached, many feared that computer programs storing year values as two-digit figures (such as 99) would cause problems.

Yagi antenna:A Yagi antenna, also known as a Yagi-Uda array or simply aYagi, is a unidirectional antenna commonly used in communications when a frequency is above 10 MHz.

Yottabyte:A yottabyte is a measure of theoretical storage capacity and is 2 to the 80th power bytes or, in decimal, approximately a thousand zettabytes, a trillion terabytes or a million trillion megabytes.

Ymodem:Ymodem is an error-correcting protocol for a modem that uses larger data blocks for greater efficiency.

Yacc:Yacc or 'yet another compiler compiler' is the standard parser generator for the Unix operating system.

EDI:EDI or Electronic Data Interchange is the exchange of business data using an understood data format.

E-cycling: E-cycling is the practice of reusing or distributing for reuse, electronic equipment and components rather than discarding them at the end of their life cycle.

Eggdrop:Eggdrop is an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) program for Linux or Unix users that sits in the background of an IRC channel to manage and protect a chat.

Easter egg:An Easter egg is an unexpected surprise, perhaps a message, an image, or a sound, hidden in a Web site or in an application program.

2009-06-27T08:35:00.000-07:00

(n.) A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including:

local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).

wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.

metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.

home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices.

In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks:

# topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring. See the Network topology diagrams in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.

# protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network use to communicate. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another popular LAN protocol for PCs is the IBM token-ring network .

# architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.

Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.

(v.) To connect two or more computers together with the ability to communicate with each other.

Are Wireless Networks Secure?

2009-06-19T09:14:00.000-07:00

No computer network is truly secure, but how does wireless network security stack up to that of traditional wired networks?

Answer: Unfortunately, no computer network is truly secure. It's always theoretically possible for eavesdroppers to view or "snoop" the traffic on any network, and it's often possible to add or "inject" unwelcome traffic as well. However, some networks are built and managed much more securely than others. For both wired and wireless networks alike, the real question to answer becomes - is it secure enough?

Wireless networks add an extra level of security complexity compared to wired networks. Whereas wired networks send electrical signals or pulses of light through cable, wireless radio signals propogate through the air and are naturally easier to intercept. Signals from most wireless LANs (WLANs) pass through exterior walls and into nearby streets or parking lots.

Network engineers and other technology experts have closely scrutinized wireless network security because of the open-air nature of wireless communications. The practice of wardriving, for example, exposed the vulnerabilities of home WLANs and accelerated the pace of security technology advances in home wireless equipment.

Overall, conventional wisdom holds that wireless networks are now "secure enough" to use in the vast majority of homes, and many businesses. Security features like 128-bit WEP and WPA can scramble or "encrypt" network traffic so that its contents can not easily be deciphered by snoopers. Likewise, wireless routers and access points (APs) incorporate access control features such as MAC address filtering that deny network requests from unwanted clients.

Obviously every home or business must determine for themselves the level of risk they are comfortable in taking when implementing a wireless network. The better a wireless network is administered, the more secure it becomes. However, the only truly secure network is the one never built!

What Are the Benefits of Networking?

2009-06-19T09:11:00.000-07:00

The benefits of networking (either wired or wireless) in homes are:

* file sharing - Network file sharing between computers gives you more flexibity than using floppy drives or Zip drives. Not only can you share photos, music files, and documents, you can also use a home network to save copies of all of your important data on a different computer. Backups are one of the most critical yet overlooked tasks in home networking.

* printer / peripheral sharing - Once a home network is in place, it's easy to then set up all of the computers to share a single printer. No longer will you need to bounce from one system or another just to print out an email message. Other computer peripherals can be shared similarly such as network scanners, Web cams, and CD burners.

* Internet connection sharing - Using a home network, multiple family members can access the Internet simultaneously without having to pay an ISP for multiple accounts. You will notice the Internet connection slows down when several people share it, but broadband Internet can handle the extra load with little trouble. Sharing dial-up Internet connections works, too. Painfully slow sometimes, you will still appreciate having shared dial-up on those occasions you really need it.

* multi-player games - Many popular home computer games support LAN mode where friends and family can play together, if they have their computers networked.

* Internet telephone service - So-called Voice over IP (VoIP) services allow you to make and receive phone calls through your home network across the Internet, saving you money.

* home entertainment - Newer home entertainment products such as digital video recorders (DVRs) and video game consoles now support either wired or wireless home networking. Having these products integrated into your network enables online Internet gaming, video sharing and other advanced features.

Although you can realize these same benefits with a wired home network, you should carefully consider building a wireless home network instead, for the following reasons:

1. Computer mobility. Notebook computers and other portable devices are much affordable than they were a few years ago. With a mobile computer and wireless home network, you aren't chained to a network cord and can work on the couch, on your porch, or wherever in the house is most convenient at the moment.

2. No unsightly wires. Businesses can afford to lay cable under their floors or inside walls. But most of us don't have the time or inclination to fuss with this in our home. Unless you own one of the few newer homes pre-wired with network cable, you'll save substantial time and energy avoiding the cabling mess and going wireless.

3. Wireless is the future. Wireless technology is clearly the future of networking. In building a wireless home network, you'll learn about the technology and be able to teach your friends and relatives. You'll also be better prepared for future advances in network technology coming in the future.

What is Wireless Computer Networking?

2009-06-19T09:10:00.000-07:00

Wireless networks utilize radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communication channels between computers. Wireless networking is a more modern alternative to wired networking that relies on copper and/or fiber optic cabling between network devices.

A wireless network offers advantages and disadvantages compared to a wired network. Advantages of wireless include mobility and elimination of unsightly cables. Disadvantages of wireless include the potential for radio interference due to weather, other wireless devices, or obstructions like walls.

Wireless is rapidly gaining in popularity for both home and business networking. Wireless technology continues to improve, and the cost of wireless products continues to decrease. Popular wireless local area networking (WLAN) products conform to the 802.11 "Wi-Fi" standards. The gear a person needs to build wireless networks includes network adapters (NICs), access points (APs), and routers.

What is (Wireless / Computer) Networking?

2009-06-19T09:08:00.000-07:00

In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

Area Networks

Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans. Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically reach across a single home, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.

Network Design

Computer networks also differ in their design. The two types of high-level network design are called client-server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.

A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.
Network Protocols

In networking, the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.

Wired vs Wireless Networking

Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. Recently, however, wireless networking alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks.

What Should I Do With Image Files?

2009-06-01T02:16:00.000-07:00

A Tutorial by niraj chauhan:

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1. What's a image file?

(>) A image file is a CD/DVD, but instead of insert it into your CD/DVD-Rom, you open it from inside your Hard Disk. So, it's a file that replaces a normal CD/DVD. Inside the image are the CD/DVD files like if it were a CD/DVD.

2. What are the image files extensions?

(>) There's many extensions, but the most common are:
(>) iSO (Generic image file)
(>) BiN/CUE (Generic BiN image file)
(>) NRG (An image created using Nero Burning ROM)
(>) iMG/CCD/SUB (An image created using CloneCD)
(>) MDF (An image created using MagicISO Maker)

There are many other images, but these are the most common.

3. How to open a image file?

(>) The most common way to open image files, is to use a virtual CD/DVD-Rom. It's like a normal CD/DVD-Rom, only that you mount the images directly from your computer, installing a simple program.

4. What program should i use to create images files?

(>) Usually a CD/DVD Burning software has that option, but personally i use UltraISO. It allow me to create an ISO, BiN/CUE, NRG and iMG/CCD/SUB image file.

5. What program should i use to mount the images?

(>) Daemon-Tools is the most powerful one to use, and the most simple too.

6. How to burn a image file?

(>) Some image files must be burned using a certain software in order to work fine, but usually a common CD/DVD burning software works fine. I use Nero Burning ROM to burn my images.

7. How to work with Daemon-Tools?

(>) 1. Install the software into your Hard Drive. After installing reboot (or not) your PC.
(>) 2. After 1. , open Daemon-Tools. It will appear in your startup bar.

(>) 3. Right click on it, go to Virtual CD/DVD-ROM » Set number of devices » 2 Drives. If you want to use more drives you can set it on. I personally use 2. It's your decision.
(>) 4. Right click on it, go to Virtual CD/DVD-ROM » Device x: [X:](....). Here you will mount your image. Just choose the image to open it (x means Device 1 or 2, etc.)([X:] the letter of your device).
(>) 5. Done, now your image is working like a CD.

8. How to burn with Nero Burning ROM?

(>) 1. Install Nero Burning ROM.
(>) 2. Open it, choose what is the storage type you gonna use to burn the image, or is a CD or a DVD.
(>) 3. Go to Copy and Backup » Burn Image to Disc.
(>) 4. Choose the image you want to burn.
(>) 5. Done, let it burn baby!

FiNAL NOTES:

(>) If you want to burn a BiN with Nero Burning ROM, you will have to have the CUE file. When you are going to open the image, if it's BiN, you open the CUE file. If you don't have the CUE and you don't want to download it, it's simple:
1. Open Daemon-Tools.
2. Mount your BiN file.
3. Open Nero Burning ROM.
4. Open it, choose what is the storage type you gonna use to burn the image, or is a CD or a DVD.
5. Go to Data » Make Data CD.
6. Now open the image you mounted through your virtual drive. Select all files, and drag the files into Nero Burning ROM window that is opened.
7. Done, let it burn.

Where Is Winipcfg In Windows xp?

2009-06-01T02:15:00.000-07:00

If any body remembers or misses the old "winipcfg", which is missing from Windows XP, then there is a easy way to get this back from Microsoft.

Instead of using the command line to display or configure your ip with "ipconfig", you can download wntipcfg from Microsoft which gives you the same GUI as the old winipcfg.

Download:CODE

http://microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/existing/wntipcfg-o.asp

Then follow these steps:

Install it (the default is c:\program files\resource kit\ )
Copy wntipcfg.exe to c:\windows
Rename it to winipcfg.exe
Now you can just click on run, then type in "winipcfg".

what is web browsers?

2009-04-23T01:54:00.000-07:00

as you know,millions of computers are connected to the internet.these computers have billions of documents on the almost the same number of website.how do we retrive the required information from these site? the web browser programs play avery important role in displaying the contents of web sites and in using the other features such as e-mail, newsgroups chating and etc.
internet explorer, a companion program of windows is a popular web browser.netscape is another popular web browser.in this section, we shall discuss the salient features of internet explorer. even if you are using some other browsers,most of the discussion will also be applicable to that program.

what is Channels?

2009-04-22T21:07:00.000-07:00

channels are used to deliver content from your favorite sites directly to your computer. channels make it possible for you to remain up-to-date with the latest web content.you do not have to subscribe to view the content. however if you subscribed to a channel, you gets it updated contents on content provider on a regular basis.
to have a look at various channels that you can access. you can use channels bar on your desktop or the channels buttons on the task bar or in the internet explorer browser.if you want to display channels on your desktop then you can use the command- start menu,programs,internet explorer,channel bar.
if you cannot use on your own PC you can find it yourself and complete the task.you can use the channels bar to view or subscribe to any channel. you can use the channel guide to view a list of channels available at Microsoft website. Microsoft updates the list at a regular intervals.you can add new channels to your channel bar and remove channels also that you have to no more use.

Attend classes on youtube & forget college.

2009-04-14T21:26:00.000-07:00

College Too expensive?

Try Youtube. it might seem counterintuitive to look for higher education alongside avril lavigne music videos, but the video sharing site become a major reservoir of college content.

youtube has for the last few years been forgetting partnership with university and colleges. the site recently gathered that video-channels under the banner YOUTUBE EDU. over 100 schools have partnered with youtube to make an official channel, including stanford,MIT, Harvard, Yale and the first university to join youtube : UC berkely.

there are promotional videos like campus tours, but the more intresting content is stright from the classroom or lecture hall. many schools have posted video of guest lectures. introductory classes and even a full semester's course.

at a time when many are finding college unaffortable and the ranks of the learning can sound like a good way to spen some Free time.

Application of computers.

2009-03-27T06:00:00.000-07:00

The use of computers is increasing at such a rate that is hardly any field where computers are not used.the following list describes some of the applications of computers.

in offices and homes for preparaing documents and to perform other data processing jobs.
to prepare salary slips and salary cheques in offices and factories.
to maintain accounts and transfer funds in banks
to store and retrive large numbers of informations in the offices.
to search and retrive informations from the other computers.
to reserve tickets in the transportation sector. e.g:railways,airlines.
to regulate trafic lights on roads and to control machines and robots in factories.
to design automobiles,buildings and dams and also to forcast weather.
to create animation catroon movies and compose music.
to control morden automobiles,appliances.
to do online banking and see merchandise,shares,bonds etc.
to control and simulate defense equipment.
for scientific and industrial research.

Classification of computers

2009-03-27T05:56:00.000-07:00

Computers are used for several applications in almost all fields of morden life.diffrent types of application require diffrent type of computers.for instance, for desktop application such as word-processing, you may require a small computer.on other hand, a large company require a large and powerful computer. computer can be classified based on size, application,speed,technology etc.

one of the most commonly used classifications of computers is based on its size.here the computers are devided into three categories -large mainframe, mini and micro.personal computers (PCs) that you use fall into the micro category. small micro computer that we are used for personal application in homes in the 1980s were called home computers.large companies,banks,airlines...etc.
normally use large (mainframe computers) fall between the mainframes and macro computers.computer can also classified as analog and digital. your pc is a digital computer.the computers used in officec are generally digitals. digital computer are operate directly on numbers that are expressed as digits. digital computers are more accurate than analog computers. they can be sued data for processing as well as for scientific, engineering and industrial application. on the other hand, analog computers that are normally used in the process industry or in measuring instruments can directly measure physical parameters, such as v,oltage, current pressure,temprature,length,weigh,flow etc. however, nowadays,digital computers are being used for industrial application.

function of operating system:

2009-03-25T08:28:00.000-07:00

operating system:an operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the various resources and overall operation of a computer system.it makes the computer system user friendly.its prime objective to improve the performance and efficiency of computer system and increase facility.

function of operating system

processor management, that is assignment of processors to diffrent tasks being performed by the computer system.
memory management, that is allocation of main memory and other storage areas to the system programs as well as user programs and data.
input output management, that is coordinataion and assignment of the diffrent input and optput devices while one or more programs are being executed.
file management, that is the storage of files on various storage devices and the transfer of these files from one storage device to another. it allows all files easily changes and modified through the use of text editiors or some other file manilution routines.
automatic transition from job to job as directed by special control system.
interpretation of commands and instruction.
coordination and assignments of compilers, assembler, utility programs and other software's to the various user of the computer system.
establishment of data security and integrity. that is it keeps diffrent programs and data in such manner that they do not interfere with each other. moreover it also protects itself from being destroyed by any user.
production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging and error-detecting aids.
maintenance of internal time clock and log of system usage for all users.
facilities easy communication between the computer system and the computer (human) operator.

evalution of reverse polish formulas

2009-03-25T05:09:00.000-07:00

examine each symbol in the reverse polish formula, starting at the extreme left untill you come to an operator.
write down the operator and the two operands immediately to its left on a piece of scratch paper.
erase the operator and the operands from the formula,creating a hole.
perform the operation on the operands and write the result in the hole.

if the formula now consist of one value , that is the answer and the algorithm is finished otherwise goto step 1depicts the evaluation of a reverse polish formula. the order of the operator is the order in which they are actually evaluated.

reverse polish is the ideal notation for evaluting formulas on a computer with stack.the formulas comsist os n symbols each one either a variable or an operator.the algorithm for evaluting a reverse polish formula using a stack is as follows.

algorithm:

set k to 1
examine the kth symbol. of it is a variable, push it onto the stack. if it is an operator pop the top 2 iteams off the stack, perform the operation and push the result back onto the stack.
if k=n the algorithm terminates and the answer is on the stack; other wise add 1 to k and goto step 2.

direct addressing & indirect addressing

2009-03-25T05:06:00.000-07:00

Direct addressing

another simple method for specifying an operand is to give the address of the memory word where the operand is contained. in other words a method for specifying an operand in memory is just to give its full address.this form is called direct addressing.

in this type of addressing the memory word can be longer than that of the operand part which is not in case of immidiate addressing.

like immidiate addressing,direct addressing is restricted in use: the instruction will always access exactly the same memory location. so while the value can change,the location cannot.

thus direct addressing can only be used to access global variables wose address is known at compile time.

Indirect addressing

direct addressing is a scheme in which the data address specifies which memory word or register contains the operand. indirect addressing is a scheme in which the address specifies which memory word/register contains not the operand but the address of the operands.

some machine allow multilevel indirect addressing.in this addressing mode, a pointer is used to locate memory word that itself points to another memory word.and so on.immidiate ,direct ,indicate and multilevel indirect addressing exhibit a certain progression.

immediate addressing requires 2 memory references, 1 for the pointer and 1 for the operand. multi-level indirect addressing requires at least 3 memory refrences, two or more pointers and one for the operand. memory refrences in this context include register refrences.

immediate addressing

2009-03-25T05:03:00.000-07:00

this is the simplest way for an instruction to specify an operand. in this type of addressing the address part of instruction actually contain the operand itself rather than an address of other information -describing where the operand is.

such an operand is called "immediate operand" because it is automatically fetched from the memory and the same time the instruction itself is fetched; hence it is immediately available for use.

advantages:

it could use less memory because it does not require an extra memory reference to fetch an operand.
instruction execution time will be less as instruction itself contains operands.

disadvantages

restricting the operand to a number that can fit in an address field.in and instruction will 3 bit address, the operands would be restricted to 3 bits, which limit their usefulness.
only constant can be supplied this way.

for example IBM 370 has MOVE,COMPARE, BOOLEAN OPERATION as well as sevral other instruction that contain 1 byte immediate operand.

what is MCSE?

2009-03-18T09:19:00.000-07:00

A Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) is a person who is certified by Microsoft to work with networking concepts and operation systems. Several years ago, Microsoft opened up learning and training centers all over the country to teach people how to become MCSE qualified within the Microsoft platforms, and interest has been booming ever since.

A person who is interested in becoming an MCSE has to pass a credit-by-exam test. This allows a person to work within the latest system. With each new system that comes out, however, there are other certified exams that an MCSE must take and pass in order to maintain certification. For instance, if an MCSE is certified for the year 2002 and 2000, he or she must take at least two certification exams – one for each year of certification.

This upgrading of certification continues as long as the person wishes to continue to be an MCSE. The reason for the testing, and for proving proficiency for each year, is that Microsoft is changing constantly, and the information for earlier operating and networking systems changes with each new application.

To become certified by Microsoft, one must take the Microsoft Certification Exam at a designated Testing Center. Microsoft offers courses to help students pass the MCSE exams. There is, however, limited seating for the courses. At the same time, the training centers run courses constantly in order to serve as many of those who want to become an MCSE as possible.

It takes time and commitment to get through the courses necessary to become an MCSE. Depending on how much time a student devotes to the process, however, it can take as little as a year. On the other hand, the courses can take as long as two years. A student who already has an Associate in Science degree and has applied computer knowledge can often make it through the program even faster.

There is a very high demand for MCSE qualified individuals. Employers see the certification as a plus when hiring a new employee, especially in the field of computers or communications. Although potential employers also consider experience, the certification shows that the potential employee has a defined knowledge of how Microsoft systems work.

Microsoft continues to dominate the information technology industry, and thousands of students who complete their degree program in the areas of computer science or technology can further their career by becoming a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer. MCSE Certification is the official designation for the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer, and allows a candidate to earn a higher-than-average salary, pursue better job opportunities, and maintain their skills and knowledge as they further their career.

What is MCSE Certification?

Technology professionals who become MCSE certified can work in roles that involve designing and implementing the infrastructure on the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server platform or the Windows Server System. MCSE Certification is a valuable commodity in today’s high-tech sphere, and prospective employers are looking for candidates who are already MCSE-certified because of the high costs associated with MCSE training. MCSE training programs can take place in both an on-site or online learning environment, but students also have an option to take a self-study course independently.

MCSE Training: MCSE Courses and Program Descriptions

MCSE training programs allow Microsoft Systems Engineers to prepare for the four key exams necessary for certification. An MCSE student needs to pass four designated operating system exams and two elective exams; these test the professional’s’ knowledge and skills in the areas of systems networking, server management, and desktop networking systems. The four operating exams that MCSE training prepares students for are:

*

NT Server
*

NT Workstation
*

Networking Essentials
*

NT Server in the Enterprise

The two elective exams cover areas in Microsoft BackOffice products.

What Does MCSE Training Provide?

MCSE training allows candidates to oversee and manage several tasks involved with networks and computer systems. Common job tasks and responsibilities after completing MCSE courses include:

*

Troubleshooting network computer systems
*

Checking for software errors
*

Monitoring bugs in network systems and software
*

Backing up company information for valuable data
*

Running diagnostics and scanning computer systems for viruses
*

Monitoring and reporting network crashes
*

Conducting training classes for employees or business professionals in the office work environment
*

Updating computers with the latest software patches

Key Benefits of MCSE Certification

MCSE Certification allows candidates to join an active community of technology professionals located around the world, and enhance their career credentials and experience with ongoing training. Key benefits of MCSE Certification include:

*

Staying current with server based systems designs and technologies
*

Having access to technical resources for any project or work order
*

Career and certification planning resources to make it easier to move up in a position
*

Networking opportunities with other Microsoft Certified Professionals, both online and offline
*

Discounts and rebates on industry-related magazines and software programs
*

An MCSE logo for resumes and websites, as well as an official MCSE lapel pin
*

Free access to Microsoft Certified Professional Magazine Online
*

A higher level of job satisfaction

Enrolling in an MCSE Online Course Program

MCSE online course programs allow students to obtain the training and skills they need to successfully pass each exam. These MCSE courses can be designed to simulate the computing environments using the Microsoft Windows Server and other products, so students can gain the hands-on experience and skills they need to create and develop various projects.

Online MCSE certification makes it easy for non-traditional students to obtain their MCSE credentials from the comfort of home or their work office. Online MCSE certification programs may be comprised of:

*

Online training videos
*

Hands-on exercises
*

Online quizzes, tests and examinations
*

Computer labs
*

Collaborative group projects
*

CD and DVD training as a course supplement
*

Web-based study guides and support forums
How MCSE Bootcamp Courses Work

MCSE bootcamp courses and programs are designed for accelerated learning, and are most valuable for candidates who need to complete their MCSE certification in a short period of time for a prospective employer, or other personal reasons. MCSE bootcamp courses can be taken either online, or over the Internet in a virtual classroom setting. These types of self-study programs allow students to complete tests and quizzes, submit coursework and take part in computer labs and hands-on exercises in a ‘condensed’ learning format.
MCSE Certification and Training Tips
If you intend to make a career out of computers, than with MCSE training, you will not only get a boost in your career but also an increase in your pay scale. MCSE is the acronym for Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer and its certification indicates your increased knowledge and understanding of the working of Microsoft.What is MCSE?
MCSE is used in computer systems running on Microsoft Windows 2000 or 2003 and with MCSE training, you are prepared for facing any problems associated with the infrastructure design of a system or the analysis of a company's requirements before the implementation of a design. And so with MCSE training, you will be recognized for your knowledge and proficiency in Microsoft products and services. This in turn is a major asset for the organization you join as it makes you ready for the different infrastructural implementation found in different businesses.The MCSE Certification Process
To get a MSCE certificate, you will have to undergo some intensive MSCE training. There is no point in your trying to go through the extensive coursework that come with MSCE training. This only proves to be time consuming, where you will not be able to answer the related exams on the stipulated time. So the best thing to do is to join a local training center for MSCE training. On joining these centers, you are helped through coursework and practical with the help of professionals. The professionals help you in your exam preparation through career oriented study. The most important thing to remember about MCSE training is to understand the coursework thoroughly. With this done, you will be able to answer exams on time, and at the same time, be aware of the practical applications of Microsoft products and services.Computer Based MCSE Training
If you find that there are no good training centers or boot camps that will provide you MCSE training in your neighborhood, you can always visit the internet. The internet will give you MCSE training through thousands of tutorials and study guides that are found on the internet. Many people prefer taking MCSE training this way, or at least use CD-ROMS and books as a form of MCSE training for MCSE. In fact, Microsoft has also released a MCSE training kit that helps candidates not only learn the skills needed on a job, but also gives them the required knowledge for the exams.MCSE Training Centers and Boot Camps
If you join training centers for your MCSE training, you find that most of the MCSE training classes here are conducted per your convenience. Most of these centers are open for quite a long time everyday where it is up to you to choose the most convenient timings for your MCSE training. The advantage of attending these training centers for your MCSE training is that there is a restricted number of participants in each group. With this, each member will thus receive individual MCSE training from MCSE experts. However people who want to go through intensive MCSE training to pass its exams, there are quite a few centers that conduct boot camps. These boot camps run the length of the coursework to culminate with an exam in two to three weeks' time. This is the better option for working men and women who don't have the time to attend regular classes for MCSE training, but still be able to take the exam on time.

blu-ray

2009-03-17T06:27:00.000-07:00

nothing stands still in the computer business, certainly not storage technology. DVD(digital versatile Disk) was barely introduce before its successor threatened to make it obsolete. the successor to DVD is Blu-ray,so called because it uses a blue laser instead of the red one, which allows it ti focus more accurately and thus support smaller pits and lands. single sided blu-ray disk hold about 25 GB of data, double sided ones hold about 50 gb of data. the data rate is about 4.5 mb/second, which is good for an optical disk, but still insignificant compared to magnetic desks.
it is expected that blu-ray will eventually replace CD_ROM and DVDs, but this transition will take some years...

more is comming on this blog so stay connected with this......

array processor.

2009-03-17T05:59:00.000-07:00

an array processor consists of a large number os identical processors that perform the same sequence of instruction on different sets of data.

an alternative approach to SIMD is the array processor, a design pioneered by the university of ILLinois ILLIAC IV computer and illustrated in this figure.this architecture consists of a 8*8 square grid of processors/memory elements.

the basic idea behind an array processor is that a single control unit provides the signal to drive the many processing elements.each processing elements consists of a CPU or enhanced ALU and some local memory. since a single control unit is driving them all, the processing elements run in per quadrant.

advantage:

it is very efficient at executing a sequence of operation on pairs of data elements.
it achieve a performance of 1 giga flop which is the doubled the computing power of the entire world.

disadvantage:

duplication of hardware
high cost

instruction exexution cycle.

2009-03-17T05:50:00.000-07:00

the CPU executes each instruction in a series of small steps. the steps are as follows.

fetch the instruction from the memory into the instruction register.
change the program counter to point the following instruction.
determining the type of instruction just fetched.
if the instruction uses a word in memory,determine where it is.
fetch the word,if needed into a CPU register.
execute the instruction
Go to step 1 to begin executing the following instruction.

this sequence is also known as fetch-decode-execution cycle.

what are the character codes?

2009-03-17T05:40:00.000-07:00

each computer has a set of characters that it uses.in order to transfer these characters into the computer. each one is assigned a number. the mapping of character onto integers is called character codes.when computers are communicating they must use same code otherwise they will not be able to understand one another.for this reason standards have been developed.
e.g.:

BCD(binary coded decimal)
EBCDIC(extended binary coded decimal interchange code)
ASCII(American standard code for information interchange)
ISCII(indian standard code for information interchange)

Microsoft: IE8 faster than Firefox, Chrome

2009-03-14T22:12:00.000-07:00

own speed tests prove Internet Explorer 8 (IE8) is faster than either Firefox or Chrome.

In a report released Wednesday, Microsoft spelled out how it tests browsers in-house, and again stressed that it doesn't buy the idea that benchmarks -- such as those that score JavaScript performance -- accurately compare the players.

"These benchmarks necessarily characterize only a narrow set of the browser functions in a very constrained way," Microsoft's report said. "End users, however, do not operate in a controlled environment."

Microsoft did not test other browsers, such as Apple Inc.'s Safari or Opera Software ASA's Opera, said James Pratt, a senior product manager on the IE development team, because it wanted to focus on rivals that "had a good share on the Windows platform."

Both Opera and Safari for Windows have shares of less than 1%, according to the most recent data from Net Applications Inc., with the former, on all platforms, accounting for 0.7% and the latter just 0.3%.Nor did Microsoft put IE8 in the ring with later versions of Chrome and Firefox.

"IE8 RC1 is a release candidate, and was very close to being done," explained Pratt when asked why newer versions of Chrome and Firefox had not been used. "But Google and Mozilla were still actively working on [those newer browsers], and they weren't super stable."

Although Google did not respond to a request for comment on Microsoft's benchmarks, Mozilla's Mike Shaver, who heads all development at the company, applauded any attempt to boost IE's performance. "I don't think anyone here has had a chance to really look at their methodology yet or tried to reproduce their results, but to whatever extent Microsoft is working to improve the performance of IE, it's a good thing for the Web," said Shaver in an e-mail late Thursday.

what are cookies???

2009-03-14T22:05:00.000-07:00

cookies are small, plain-text data files that live somewhere on your computer (exactly where depends on the web browser). Cookies are written to your computer by your web browser responding to commands from a website. A website can write multiple cookies, but (barring software bugs) can only see the cookies they wrote.

Cookies are categorized two ways: according to their lifespan and where they came from.

LIFESPAN

Short-lived cookies exist only for the current web browser session. When you close your browser, all such cookies go away. Not surprisingly, these are called session cookies (the IE7 help pages also refer to them as temporary cookies). For tracking purposes, session cookies pose no danger.

The majority of cookies are more permanent. It's not unusual for a website to set the expiration date of a cookie to be 10, 20 or 30 years in the future. These persistent cookies (that's the official name) can be very beneficial, but they can also be used for behavior tracking. If a website has ever remembered your userid/password, you have a persistent cookie to thank for the convenience.

ORIGIN

When it comes to the origin of a cookie, there are two categories: first party and third party.

First party cookies come from the website whose domain name is displayed in the address bar of your web browser. For example, at the web site of my home town newspaper, The New York Times, first party cookies are set by the newspaper.

But a web page is normally made up of many pieces and the pieces don't have to come from the same website. The ads, for example, rarely originate on the website you are visiting. Cookies that come from these third party advertising networks are the origin of the term "third party cookies", which refers to cookies set by websites you had no intention of visiting.

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

2009-03-12T20:37:00.000-07:00

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

Google secrets

2009-03-12T06:30:00.000-07:00

method 1

?ww.google.com

put this string in google search:

"parent directory " /appz/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " DVDRip -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory "Xvid -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " Gamez -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " MP3 -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " Name of Singer or album -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

Notice that i am only changing the word after the parent directory, change it to what you want and you will get a lot of stuff.

voila!

method 2

?ww.google.com

put this string in google search:

?intitle:index.of? mp3

You only need add the name of the song/artist/singer.
Example: ?intitle:index.of? mp3 jackson

create 1-click shutdown and reboot shortcut.

2009-03-07T19:58:00.000-08:00

First, create a shortcut on your desktop by right-clicking on the desktop, choosing New, and then choosing Shortcut. The Create Shortcut Wizard appears. In the box asking for the location of the shortcut, type shutdown. After you create the shortcut, double-clicking on it will shut down your PC.
But you can do much more with a shutdown shortcut than merely shut down your PC. You can add any combination of several switches to do extra duty, like this:
shutdown -r -t 01 -c "Rebooting your PC" Double-clicking on that shortcut will reboot your PC after a one-second delay and display the message "Rebooting your PC." The shutdown command includes a variety of switches you can use to customize it. Table 1-3 lists all of them and describes their use.
I use this technique to create two shutdown shortcuts on my desktop—one for turning off my PC, and one for rebooting. Here are the ones I use:
shutdown -s -t 03 -c "Bye Bye m8!"
shutdown -r -t 03 -c "Ill be back m8 ;)!"
Switch

What it does??

-s Shuts down the PC.
-l Logs off the current user.
-t nn Indicates the duration of delay, in seconds, before performing the action.
-c "messagetext" Displays a message in the System Shutdown window. A maximum of 127 characters can be used. The message must be enclosed in quotation marks.
-f Forces any running applications to shut down.
-r Reboots the PC.

common ftp errors.

2009-03-07T19:56:00.000-08:00

ftp: file transfer protocol
# Description

110 Restart marker reply. In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK yyyy = mmmm where yyyy is User-process data stream marker, and mmmm server's equivalent marker (note the spaces between markers and "=").
120 Service ready in nnn minutes.
125 Data connection already open; transfer starting.
150 File status okay; about to open data connection.
200 Command okay.
202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.
211 System status, or system help reply.
212 Directory status.
213 File status.
214 Help message.On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.
215 NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system name from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.
220 Service ready for new user.
221 Service closing control connection.
225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.
226 Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).
227 Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).
230 User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.
250 Requested file action okay, completed.
257 "PATHNAME" created.
331 User name okay, need password.
332 Need account for login.
350 Requested file action pending further information
421 Service not available, closing control connection.This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it must shut down.
425 Can't open data connection.
426 Connection closed; transfer aborted.
450 Requested file action not taken.
451 Requested action aborted. Local error in processing.
452 Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.File unavailable (e.g., file busy).
500 Syntax error, command unrecognized. This may include errors such as command line too long.
501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.
502 Command not implemented.
503 Bad sequence of commands.
504 Command not implemented for that parameter.
530 Not logged in.
532 Need account for storing files.
550 Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).
551 Requested action aborted. Page type unknown.
552 Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).
553 Requested action not taken. File name not allowed.

Boot Winxp Fast

2009-03-07T19:43:00.000-08:00

Follow the following steps

Open notepad.exe, type "del c:\windows\prefetch\ntosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:\
From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "gpedit.msc".
Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".
Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
Reboot your computer.

all the chages which you are made in ur system we are not responsible for any damages.

encoder,multiplexer and demultiplexer

2009-03-07T06:31:00.000-08:00

what is encoder?

it converts an active input signal into a coded output signal.

only one of the n input line is active.internal logic with in the encoder converts active input to a coded binary output with m bits.

what is multiplexer?

a multiplexer is a circuit with many inputs but only one output.by applying control signal we can steer any input to the output. the following figure shows
general idea of multiplexer.

what is demultiplexer?

demultiplexer means one into many.it is a logic circuit with one input and many outputs.by applying control signals we can steer the input signals to one of the output lines.

the output bit is labeled as D and is transmitted to the data bit of the output lines.
it depands on the value of abcd,the control input.

when abcd=0000 the upper and gate is enabled and all other and gates are disabled. so data bit D is transmitted to the output Y0 thus Y0=D.
if d is low y0 is low if D is high Y0 is high.
inputs abc and d select when everytime information from one sourcr must be fed to sevral places.

what is binary adder?

2009-03-07T03:10:00.000-08:00

as shown in the figure there are four adders with inputs a0 to a3
and b0 to b3. and s0 to s3 are output and c1,c2,c3,c4 are the carry bits.

this figure shows an example of adding of two numbers 12 and 9 the decimal addtion of it is 21
.binary form of 12 is 1100 and 9 is 1001 so sum=0101 and the carry 1.
so our final output will be 10101.

the half adder produce the a sum of 1 and carry of 0, the first full adder produce a
sum of 0 and carry of 0 the second full adder produce a sum of 1 and carry of 0 and the third full adder produces a sum of 0 and carry is 1.so our final output is 10101.
using more full adders we can build more binary adders of any length.

What is half-adder?

2009-03-07T02:23:00.000-08:00

half adder is a logic circuit that adds 2 bits.

the computers are sum and carry.

the boolean equation for these outputs are
sum= a symmetric difference carry=A*b

the sum output is A nor B.the carry output is Aand B.therefore sum is a when A and B are diffrent. carry is a 1 when A and B are 1s.

Truth table:

A	B	Sum	Carry
0	0	0	0
0	1	1	0
1	0	1	0
1	1	0	1

this circuit is used to add two bits and the output is given as sum and carry.two gates used to construct half adder are and x-or gate. the logic circuit for half adder is as shown below:

case-1:if A=0 and B=0according to the condition of and gate the output will be false because both the inputs are low and thus our carry bit remailns 0.and for x-or gate as both the inputs are law output is also law.
case-2:if A=0 and B=1then the output for the and gate will be false because one of the input is law so carry=0.according to the truth table of x-or gate if both the inputs are diffrunt so the output will be high thus sum=1.
case=3:if A=1 and B=0 then the output for the and gate will be false because one of the input is law so carry=0.according to the truth table of x-or gate if both the inputs are diffrunt so the output will be high thus sum=1.
case=4:of A=1 and B=0 then the output for the and gate will be high as both the inputs are high so carry=1 and as both the inputs are same so according to the x-or truth table the output will be low so sum=0

What is hexa decimal number system?

2009-03-07T00:13:00.000-08:00

the hexa decimal number system is one with a base of 16.
the base of 16 suggests choices of 16 single-character digits or symbols.
the first 10 digits
are the digits of a decimal system is 0 to 9. and other is A to F.
again each position in a hexadecimal system represent a power of the bse(16).
thus the decimal equivalent of the hexa decimal number 1AF
written as simmilar as (1AF)H.

what is octal number system.?

2009-03-07T00:09:00.000-08:00

in the ocatal number system the base is 8.so in this system there are only eight symbols like digits
0 to 7(one less than base).
again each position in an octal number represent a power of the base(8). thus the octal number 2057 written as (2057)O.
observe that since there are only 8 digits in the
octal number system. so total cube exponent of 2=8
are sufficient to represent to any octal number in binary.

what is binary number system?

2009-03-06T23:57:00.000-08:00

the binary number system exactly like the decimal number system except that the base
is 2 instead of 10.we have only two sysmbols or digits (0 and 1) that can be used to in this
number system.note that the largest digit is 1 and less than the base.again each position in a
binary number represents a power of base 2. as such in this number system the right most
position is the units 2 and its exponent is 0. and the second position is counted as the unit is
2 and its exponent is 1. and than so on exponent value every time increases by 1.

thus the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10101 is
(1*2)4 +(1*2)3 +(1*2)2 +(1*2)1 +(1*2)0

here 4 3 2 1 is exponent of the bracket.
so the ans is 16+0+4+0+1=21.

in order to be specific about which system are we reffering to.is is common preactice to
indicate the base as a subscript.thus we can write this similar as (10101)B=(21)D
binary digit is often reffered by the common abbreviation bit.
thus a bit in computer terminary means either 0 or 1. a binary number consisting of n bits is
called a n-bit number remember that we have only two digits 0 and 1. and hence the binary
equivalant of the decimal number 2 has to be stated as 10. and can be represented in the binary
form as an n-bit number.

what is number system?

2009-03-06T23:32:00.000-08:00

in the number system basically of two types:

1st is non-positional number system
2nd is positional number system

=>non-positional number system

in early days ,human beinds counted on fingers.when 10 fingers were not adequate,stones,pebbles,

or sticks were used to indicate values.
this method of counting uses an additive approch or the non postional number system.
in this number system we have symbols such as I,II,III and so on.since it is very difficult
to perform arithmetic with such a number system.
positional number system were developed as the centuries passed.

=>positional number system

in a positional number system, there are only a few symbols called digits, and this symbols
represents diffrent values depanding on the position they occupy in the number.
the value of each digit in such a number is determined by three consideration.

the digit itself
the position of the digit in the number
the base or radix of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of the digits available in the number system.

the number system that we are using in our day to day life is decimal number system which has
been based at 10.basically there are 4 type of positional number system

binary number system.
octal number system.
decimal number system.
hexa decimal number system.

computer is only know binary number system which is also called machine level language.
some of the number system commonly used in computer science and by computer professional
are discussed at the next blog.

What is visual Basic?

2009-03-06T21:33:00.000-08:00

It's a computer programming system developed and owned by Microsoft. Visual Basic was originally created to make it easier to write programs for the Windows computer operating system. The basis of Visual Basic is an earlier programming language called BASIC that was invented by Dartmouth College professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. Visual Basic is often referred to using just the initials, VB. Visual Basic is easily the most widely used computer programming system in the history of software.

history of and versions of vb.

Yes. Since 1991 when it was first introduced by Microsoft, there have been nine versions of Visual Basic up to VB.NET 2005, the current version. The first six versions were all called Visual Basic. In 2002, Microsoft introduced Visual Basic .NET 1.0, a completely redesigned and rewritten version that was a key part of a much larger computer architecture. The first six versions were all "backward compatible". That means that later versions of VB could handle programs written with an earlier version. Because the .NET architecture was such a radical change, earlier versions of Visual Basic have to be rewritten before they can be used with .NET. Many programmers still prefer Visual Basic 6.0 and a few use even earlier versions.

VB.NET is the equal of any programming technology anywhere. In fact, the resulting program using the .NET version of the C programming language, called C#.NET, is virtually identical with the same program written in VB.NET. The only real difference today is programmer preference.

DISCLAIMER:
THIS ALL THE DATA IN FROM WHICH WE FATCH IS ONLY FOR THE LEARNING PURPOSE ONLY AND IT ARE RESPECTIVE RIGHT OF THEIR OWNERS.

Orkut- Most popular the social networking site

2009-03-04T17:26:00.000-08:00

Orkut is a social networking service which is run by Google and named after its creator, an employee of Google - Orkut Büyükkökten. The service states that it was designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. Orkut is similar to other networking sites. Since October 2006, Orkut has permitted users to create accounts without an invitation.

Orkut is the most visited website in Brazil and second most visited site in India. A large percentage of users in India are high school and college students. The initial target market for Orkut was the United States, but the majority of its users are in Brazil and India.2 In fact, as of May 2008, 53.86% of Orkut's users are from Brazil, followed by India with 16.97%3 and 23.4% of the traffic comes from Brazil, followed by India with 18.0%.4 In 2008, more than 23 million of Brazilians had an account on orkut.
Originally hosted in California, in August 2008 Google announced that Orkut will be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues.

Features

Scrapbook
Communities
and much more.

Legal Issues

Brazil

On August 22, 2006, Brazilian Federal Judge José Marcos Lunardelli ordered Google to release Orkut user’s information of a list of about two dozen Brazilian nationals, believed to be using Orkut to sell drugs and involved in child pornography by September 28. The judge ordered Google to pay $23,000 per day in fines until the information is turned over to the Brazilian government. The information the government is requesting would also be used to identify individuals that are spreading child pornography37 and hate speech, according to the Brazilian government. As of September 27, 2006 Google has stated that it will not release the information, on the grounds that the requested information is on Google servers in the U.S. and not Google servers in Brazil, and is therefore not subject to Brazilian laws.

India

Of late, the number of Indians on Orkut has been increasing rapidly. On October 10, 2006, the Bombay High Court's Aurangabad bench served a notice on Google for allowing a hate campaign against India.39 This referred to a community on Orkut called 'We Hate India', which initially carried a picture of an Indian flag being burned and some anti-India content.40 The High Court order was issued in response to a public-interest petition filed by an Aurangabad advocate. Google had six weeks to respond. Even before the petition was filed, many Orkut users had noticed this community and were mailing or otherwise messaging their contacts on Orkut to report the community as bogus to Google, which could result in its removal. The community has now been deleted but has spawned several 'We hate those who hate India' communities. Prior to the 60th Independence Day of India, orkut's main page was revamped. The section which usually displayed a collage of photos of various people, showed a stylized orkut logo. The word orkut was written in the Devanagiri script and was colored in the Indian national colours. Clicking on the logo redirects to a post by the orkut India Product Manager, Manu Rekhi,41 on the orkut internal blog. There has also been some media outcry against Orkut after a couple of youngsters were apparently lured by fake profiles on the site and later murdered.

On November 23, Bombay High Court asked the state government to file its reply in connection with a petition demanding a ban on social networking site, Orkut, for hosting an anti-Shivaji Web community.43 Recently, the Pune rural police cracked a rave party filled with narcotics.44 The accused have been charged under anti-narcotic laws, the (Indian) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropics Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS). Besides the NDPS, according to some media reports, the police were deliberating on the issue of charging the accused under the (Indian) Information Technology Act, 2000 perhaps because Orkut was believed to be one of the mode of communication for these kind of drug abuses.The Cyber police in India have entered into an agreement with Orkut to have a facility to catch and prosecute those misusing Orkut since the complaints is in a rising stage.

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THIS ALL THE DATA IN FROM WHICH WE FATCH IS ONLY FOR THE LEARNING PURPOSE ONLY AND IT ARE RESPECTIVE RIGHT OF THEIR OWNERS.

What is google? and what google doing?

2009-03-04T17:13:00.000-08:00

Google Inc. is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. The Google headquarters, the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View, California.
Google was co-founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998.the company has 20,222 full-time employees.

History of Google.

Google began in January 1996, as a research project by Larry Page, who was soon joined by Sergey Brin, when they were both Ph.D. students at Stanford University in Californiahey hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page.7 Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.8 A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategyConvinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally, the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on 15 September 1997,10 and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on 4 September 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company amounted to almost US$1.1 million, including a US$100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems.11

In March 1999, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.12 After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.13 The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million.

The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and useful results.15 In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.6 The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.6 Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at US$.05 per click.6 This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).161718 Goto.com was an Idealab spin off created by Bill Gross, and was the first company to successfully provide a pay-for-placement search service. Overture Services later sued Google over alleged infringements of Overture's pay-per-click and bidding patents by Google's AdWords service. The case was settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.19 Thus, while many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.6

The name "Google" originated from a common misspelling of the word "googol",2021 which refers to 10100, the number represented by a 1 followed by one hundred zeros. Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google", was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.
A patent describing part of the Google ranking mechanism (PageRank) was granted on 4 September 2001.24 The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor.

Partnerships of Google

In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center to build up 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry.42 Google also entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies.43 The company entered into a partnership with AOL of Time Warner,44 to enhance each other's video search services.

The same year, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson among others.45 In September 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service for its publishing partners which provides the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads,46 and acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."47

In 2006, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corp. entered into a US$900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, MySpace.48

Google has developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41m black and white, 1.65m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 6 September 2008.49

In 2008, Google announced that it was hosting an archive of Life magazine's photographs, as part of a joint effort. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine.

Software related google

The Google web search engine is the company's most popular service. As of August 2007, Google is the most used search engine on the web with a 53.6% market share, ahead of Yahoo! 19.9% and Live Search 12.9%.59 Google indexes billions of Web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators, although at any given time it will only return a maximum of 1,000 results for any specific search query. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps, and more.

In 2004, Google launched its own free web-based e-mail service, known as Gmail or Google Mail in some jurisdictions.60 Gmail features conversation view, spam-filtering technology, the capability to use Google technology to search e-mail. The service generates revenue by displaying advertisements and links from the AdWords service that are tailored to the choice of the user and/or content of the e-mail messages displayed on screen.

In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which not only allows users to search and view freely available videos but also offers users and media publishers the ability to publish their content, including television shows on CBS, NBA basketball games, and music videos.61

Google has also developed several desktop applications, including Google Desktop, Picasa, SketchUp and Google Earth, an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial imagery that covers the vast majority of the planet. Many major cities have such detailed images that one can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. Consequently, there have been some concerns about national security implications; contention is that the software can be used to pinpoint with near-precision accuracy the physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and so on. However, the satellite images are not necessarily frequently updated, and all of them are available at no charge through other products and even government sources; the software simply makes accessing the information easier. A number of Indian state governments have raised concerns about the security risks posed by geographic details provided by Google Earth's satellite imaging.62

Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set-up in Heathrow Airport, showcasing several products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa.6364 Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name College Life, Powered by Google.65

In 2007, some reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone.666768 The project, called Android, an operating system provides a standard development kit that will allow any "Android" phone to run software developed for the Android SDK, no matter the phone manufacturer. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the first phone running the Android platform, the G1.

Google Translate site aka Google Language Tools site is a server-side machine translation service, which can translate 35 different languages to each other, forming 1190 language pairs. Browser extension tools such as Firefox extensions allow for easy access to Google Translate from the browser. The software uses corpus linguistics techniques from translated documents, such United Nations documents, which are professionally translated to extract translations accurate up to 88 percent. A "suggest a better translation" feature appears with the original language text in a pop-up text field, allowing users to indicate where the current translation is incorrect or else inferior to another translation.

On 1 September 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google Chrome, an open-source web browser,69 which was released on 2 September 2008.

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What is J2ME?

2009-03-04T17:05:00.000-08:00

In computing, the Java Platform, Micro Edition or Java MEis a specification of a subset of the Java platform for the development of software for requirement.

As of 22 December 2006, the Java ME source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License, and is released under the project name phoneME.As of 2008, all Java ME platforms are currently restricted to JRE 1.3 features and uses that version of the class file format (internally known as version 47.0). Should Sun ever declare a new round of Java ME configuration versions that support the later class file formats and language features, such as those corresponding JRE 1.5 or 1.6 (notably, generics), it will entail extra work on the part of all platform vendors to update their JREs.

Java ME has become a popular option for creating games for cell phones, as they can be emulated on a PC during the development stage and easily uploaded to phones. This contrasts with the difficulty of developing, testing, and loading games for other special gaming platforms such as those made by Nintendo, Sony, Microsoft, and others, as expensive system-specific hardware and kits are required.

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THIS ALL THE DATA IN FROM WHICH WE FATCH IS ONLY FOR THE LEARNING PURPOSE ONLY AND IT ARE RESPECTIVE RIGHT OF THEIR OWNERS.

What is HTML?

2009-03-04T16:44:00.000-08:00

HyperText Markup Language

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called HTML Tags, first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.

Version history of the standard

November 1995(html 2.0 published.)
January 1997 (html 3.2 Published.)
December 1997 (html 4.0)
December 1999 (html 4.01)
January 2008(html5)

HTML MARK UP:




</span></span>Hello HTML<span class="sc2"><span class="kw2">

This Document Type Declaration is in HTML5 format.
HTML documents can be delivered by the same means as any other computer file; however, they are most often delivered either by HTTP from a Web server or by e-mail.

Frameset versus transitional

nt> <body></body>

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What is c programming?

2009-03-04T16:22:00.000-08:00

c Programming.

C is a general-purpose computer programming language originally developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to implement the Unix operating system and the other purpose of building this language is to create independent software.

C has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C++, which originally began as an extension to C, and Java and C# which borrow C lexical conventions and operators.

C was therefore useful for many applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language.
array indexing as a secondary notion, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic
No automatic garbage collection
C supports a rich set of operators, which are symbols used within an expression to specify the manipulations to be performed while evaluating that expression.
C99, new standard for the C programming language

for example:

long int SomeFunction();
/* int OtherFunction(); */

/* int */ CallingFunction()
{
   long int test1;
   register /* int */ test2;

   test1 = SomeFunction();
   if (test1 > 0)
         test2 = 0;
   else
         test2 = OtherFunction();

   return test2;
}

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Abcd Of Computer

Os Interview Questions

Advantages and Dis-advantages of Demand paging in operating system

what is demand paging in operating system?

All things you Want to Know about SQL & Oracle

new computer definations

diffrance between lan and wan

Internet amazing Facts

ECMA International

Web Services take Web-applications to the Next Level

Web Services have Two Types of Uses

What is RSS?

Interoperability has Highest Priority

What IS CSS? What is HTML 4?

What is HTML?

HTML Tags

HTML Documents = Web Pages

What is WML?

Examples of WAP use

WAP Micro Browsers

WAP

What is WAP?

The Wireless Application Protocol

what is BIOS?

What is a Gigahertz?

What is Bluetooth?

What is dual core?

new latest computer definations part 1

Are Wireless Networks Secure?

What Are the Benefits of Networking?

What is Wireless Computer Networking?

What is (Wireless / Computer) Networking?

What Should I Do With Image Files?

Where Is Winipcfg In Windows xp?

what is web browsers?

what is Channels?

Attend classes on youtube & forget college.

Application of computers.

Classification of computers

function of operating system:

evalution of reverse polish formulas

direct addressing & indirect addressing

immediate addressing

what is MCSE?

blu-ray

array processor.

instruction exexution cycle.

what are the character codes?

Microsoft: IE8 faster than Firefox, Chrome

what are cookies???

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

Google secrets

create 1-click shutdown and reboot shortcut.

common ftp errors.

Boot Winxp Fast

encoder,multiplexer and demultiplexer

what is binary adder?

What is half-adder?

What is hexa decimal number system?

what is octal number system.?

what is binary number system?

what is number system?

What is visual Basic?

Orkut- Most popular the social networking site

Features

Scrapbook

Communities

Legal Issues

What is google? and what google doing?

What is J2ME?

What is HTML?

Version history of the standard

Frameset versus transitional

What is c programming?